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英语(1)——8种时态

 
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动词时态是英语语法的重点,下面把初中的动词时态给你梳理了一下。希望对你有所帮助。

(一)一般现在时的用法

1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:

leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:

The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。

3)表示格言或警句。例如:

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:

I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speakwell. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。

(二) 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:

Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:

When I was a child, I often played footballin the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during theirvisit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。

Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)

注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。

1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:

Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?

I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。

2)情态动词 could, would。例如:

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?

(三) 一般将来时

1) be going to do/ will do sth,表示将来做某事(主观的打算或计划)。

a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play will be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

2) be +to do表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。(客观安排或受人指示而做某事)例如:

We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

3) be about to do,意为马上做某事。例如:

He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用

1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

When does the bus star? It stars in tenminutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:

Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。

There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.铃响了。

3)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:

I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。

Make sure that the windows are closedbefore you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。

用现在进行时表示将来

下列动词come, go,arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:

I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?

(四)现在进行时

现在进行时的基本用法:

a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:

We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:

Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)

c 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:

The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。

It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:

You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

典型例题

My dictionary ___, I have looked for iteverywhere but still___ it.

A. has lost, don't find B. is missing,don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.

答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

不用进行时的动词

4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:

You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。

(五)过去进行时

1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。

3)常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to tenlast evening, when, while等。例如:

My brother fell while he was riding hisbicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。

It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。

When I got to the top of the mountain, thesun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。

典型例题

1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.

A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes

答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。

2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.

A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell

答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。

(六)现在完成时

现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。

I have been a teacher for two years. 我已经当了两年的老师。

比较一般过去时与现在完成时

1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday,last week,…ago, in1980,in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。

现在完成时的时间状语:for,since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years,always等,皆不确定的时间状语。

3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:

I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)

I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)

Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)

He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)

(错)Tom haswritten a letter to his parents last night.

(对)Tom wrote aletter to his parents last night.

用于现在完成时的句型

1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:

It is the first time that I have visitedthe city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

注意:It was thethird time that the boy had been late

2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

典型例题 (1) ---Do youknow our town at all?

---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming

答案B. This isthe first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our townbefore?

---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever,come D. ever, have come

答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。

注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

(错)I havereceived his letter for a month.

(对)I haven'treceived his letter for almost a month.

11.12 比较since和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:

I have lived here for more than twentyyears.我住在这儿二十多年了。

I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。

注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。

1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to studyRussian three years ago, and is still studying it now.

2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get marriedsix years ago, and is still getting married now.

显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.

典型例题

1. You don't need to describe her. I ___her several times.

A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet

答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,severaltimes告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。

2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a fewminutes.

A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be

答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。

(六) 过去完成时

1)概念:表示过去的过去

----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在

2)用法

a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:

She said (that)she had neverbeen to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。

b. 状语从句

在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:

When the police arrived, the thieves hadrun away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。

过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until ,when, after, once, as soon as。例如:

He said that he had learned some Englishbefore. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。

典型例题

The students ___ busily when Miss Brownwent to get a book she ___ in the office.

A. had written, left B,were writing, has left C. hadwritten, had left D. were writing, had left

答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。

注意: hadhardly… when 还没等…… 就……。例如:

I had hardly opened the door when I he hitme. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。

had no sooner…than 刚…… 就……。例如:

He had no sooner bought the car than hesold it. 他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。

(七)将来完成时

1)构成will have done

2)概念

a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:

They will have been married for 20 years bythen. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。


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